Competitive Education Research Journal

Pragmatic Research in Finance

Afshan Kanwal, Zeeshan Hamid, Muhammad Asad Hanif, Nasir Munir — 2022-06-27

Research in the field of finance is dominated by positivist paradigm. The presents study aims to highlight the need of finance research from pragmatic perspective. Pragmatic point of view focuses on practical applied research, by integrating different perspectives to help interpret the data using mixed or multi method design. The study explains the advantages of mixed methods after elaborating differences, similarities, advantages and disadvantages of both quantitative and qualitative research. The study also entails the process of mixed methods and identified the potential areas to apply mixed methods research in accounting and finance. The study explains that research in the field of finance is dominated by the positivist paradigm. Methods used are quantitative and research is undertaken in a value-free way, the researcher is independent of the data and maintains an objective stance. The study argued that the use of pragmatic research can reduce the issues related to singular method studies.

Theoretical Preview of instructional Methods used by the prior experienced and non-experienced Prospective Teachers During Practice Teaching

Anam shafique Rehman, Tariq Mahmood Khan — 2022-06-27

This study is an endeavor to compare Theoretical Preview of instructional Methods used by the prior experienced and non-experienced Prospective Teachers During Practice Teaching. A quantitative study was used to achieve this goal. The sampling strategy for this study was convenient sampling. Prospective Teachers from Institute of Education & Research (IER) University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan (N=260) agreed to participate in this study. A web-based using Google form five-point Likert scale questionnaire was developed by researcher to examine their perceptions. It was consisted of 25 items which were divided into 5 factors such as; project method, demonstration method, lecture method, discussion method and role play method. The data indicated that there was no significant difference for the theoretical preview of methods used by experienced and non-experienced prospective teachers. It was found that prior experienced and non-experienced prospective teachers are insignificantly different because they are involved in innovative and advance teaching practice and learning

Anti-Terrorism Law and Policy in Pakistan

Imran Khan, Aisha Iftikhar, Aamer Raza, Sohrab Ahmed Marri — 2022-06-27

The Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997 in Pakistan and the Supreme Court's interpretation of it in light of the principle of legality in criminal and human rights law are analysed critically. As a result, we concluded that the Anti-Terrorism Act's definition of terrorism does not meet legal requirements, and the precedents of the Supreme Court of Pakistan have only contributed to further confuse the situation. If Pakistan does not modify its definition of terrorism in conformity with legality and human rights principles, overly broad definitions of terrorism may result in violations of human rights.

Impact of Fiscal Decentralization, Natural Resource Rents, and Institutional Quality on Environmental Quality of South Asian Economies

Sajjad Ali, Sadia Masood, Muhammad Siddique, Nadia Naureen , Saud Bin Ahsen — 2022-06-27

This study sheds fresh light on the relationship between CO2 emissions and factors such as fiscal decentralization and natural resource rents. Data from four South Asian nations dating back from 1989 to 2019 are used in this study to measure this goal. The Westerlund and the CS-ARDL methods are used for empirical investigation. The Pesaran 2nd-GEN unit-root assessment determines the order of variable integration. The first difference integration of indicators from the second generation unit root has been brought into being. Fiscal decentralization and natural resource rents have been demonstrated to condense CO2 releases in the long span. Furthermore, when the economy grows, it fails to improve the environmental quality of South Asian economies. On the other hand, institutional quality recovers the environmental quality by mitigating CO2 emissions. It is recommended by this research that local governments should be given greater authority in order to minimize CO2 emissions and move these nations to more ecologically friendly methods of production.

Development and validation of a questionnaire to identify the barriers to adopting green transformation

Qurat ul Ain, Owais Shafique — 2022-06-28

In view of growing environmental concerns, each organisation now places a substantial emphasis on adopting green, sustainable, and responsible investments in addition to increasing profits and promoting environmental harmony. This study's primary objectives are to analyse the value of businesses' green investments and identify the barriers to implementing/adopting green transformation. The questionnaire development process involved a literature review, focus group discussions, expert evaluation, and pilot testing. This article opens up new avenues of research in this area. Consequently, further research could define the observed barriers to green transformation in detail. Furthermore, new research can determine which barriers deserve more consideration and assess their influence on the green transition. In addition, future studies in this field may find new challenges or inventive techniques for overcoming those previously recognised. Hence, green transition could have a good impact on lowering pollutants and mitigating global warming.

WOMEN ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN PAKISTAN; EXTRAPOLATING ABUSES AND BARRIERS

Hafiz Abdul Rehman Saleem, Imtiaz Ahmad Khan, Shah Jalal ud Din, Samra Irshad — 2022-06-28

Pakistan has aimed to ameliorate the status of its women by passing different laws and bills to protect women from prejudice and immoral behavior. On the contrary the emerging reality in Pakistan is alarming bells of abuses and discrimination against women by the absolute denial of justice. This research set forth to provide overview of all challenges that women face for their access to justice. This research includes mosaic barriers of inclusive nature catching the aspects of social element to legal element and further leads to the complete abnegation of access to justice for women. The major reasons of motley nature found were lack of knowledge, cultural deep rooted misogyny especially in rural areas, patriarchy, deliberate attempt not to seek justice fearing for victim blaming or loss of modesty and technical procedures of criminal justice system. There must be a comprehensive training to provide facilitation to women at police stations, promoting the use of alternative dispute resolution forums and also to establish infrastructure for women which includes facilitation points in all formal institutions. This piece of study is stressing the impediments of legal and social nature regarding the women access to justice in Pakistan. The gist of study is circumscribed to the extent of stressing barriers for women to get justice, development of justice and policy making by the adoption of affirmative actions by the government of Pakistan.

CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (CPEC) FROM A CHINA-PAKISTAN POINT OF VIEW

Zuhaib Ali, Muhammad Asif, Sohrab Ahmed Marri, Baby Maria — 2022-06-28

A fundamental objective of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is regional development. It pledges to achieve connectivity throughout the region's interior and exterior, as well as a community that is more prosperous economically. Discussions about the strength of Pakistan-China relations and how they affect the incredible (CPEC) project are merited because of this imperative. The concept is based on the notion of China's more recent role in the shifting geostrategic and geoeconomics foundations of the world, as well as Pakistan's tenacity in forging a stronger economic base. Since (CPEC) would present chances for the area in this regards. Pakistan wants to serve as a platform for economic prosperity for the region and beyond by serving as a backbone of (CPEC) and making use of its major geostrategic location. It also aims to accelerate development and increase living standards throughout the corridor, which spans Western China and parts of Pakistan. This corridor may present concerns for Pakistan and the region, particularly in the economic realms, which need to be taken seriously. This study elaborates the importance of (CPEC), China’s view on CPEC, and Pakistan’s view on the basis of opportunities and development for both nations. It attempts to shed light on Pakistan's resolve towards domestic and regional development.

Covid-19 and Macroeconomic Dynamics: An Integration of Pakistan's Economy

Hina Ali, Sumaira Mehboob, Mahnaz Muhammad Ali, Khizra Sardar — 2022-06-28

This research is an endeavor to understand the influence of the Corona pandemic on Pakistan’s economy. This research aims to scrutinize the influence of Covid-19 on trade and poverty levels. Here, the corona pandemic prevailed in Pakistan’s economy such as total corona cases, tests and deaths are also examined from February 2020 to June 2020. This research follows both qualitative and quantitative data methodology approaches. Estimates of this research show that covid-19 influences the financial situation of poor masses and because of covid-19 poverty rate doubles. From 27th February there’s a significant increase in total corona victims, total deaths, and corona tests performed. Trade statistics also confirmed a statistically significant effect of covid-19 on exports, imports, and balance of trade. Overall findings show that covid-19 significantly influences trade and poverty levels in the case of Pakistan.

INTEGRATION OF SUSTAINABILITY IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION; A REVIEW & EVALUATION OF VARIOUS APPROACHES

Ar. Iftikhar Ali, Ar. Mir Wali Shah,Ar. M. Waqas O. Khel — 2022-06-28

Architecture is the specialized field that facilitates the spatial layout required for human needs and offers a sustainable environment. It combines design and technology while heavily integrating a wide range of disciplines, including sociology, psychology, and other areas of study. It is not exempt from regional politics and economic constraints. Its many facets combine creativity, technical and scientific expertise, and everyday advances. It required a variety of sustainable development strategies. But the inclusion of sustainability is sometimes overlooked or equated with technological superiority. In the 21st century, social, cultural, and environmental challenges must be addressed while also integrating sustainable development, according to the UN decade of education for sustainable development. Regarding architectural education, it was the primary responsibility of the educational institutions to raise students' understanding of the need to be more considerate of how human conduct and design affect the environment. This paper explores various models and approaches that can be used to integrate sustainability knowledge in the traditional architectural curriculum, as well as investigates structural models, and assesses the level of emphasis on incorporating knowledge of sustainability in the curriculum of architecture education in the context of Pakistan. The best and most effective ways to include sustainability information in architectural education have been discussed in detail. The paper ends with suggestions for additional research into the efficacy of architectural curricula that incorporate sustainability knowledge.

AUTOCORRELATION: WHAT HAPPENS IF THE ERROR OR DISTURBANCE TERMS ARE CORRELATED IN TIME-SERIES DATA

Adnan Ali Chaudhary, Nadeem Nazir,Ahsan Riaz, Nadia Sadiq, Nimra Riaz — 2022-06-28

This research explores the econometric investigation of emblematic and well-acknowledged subjects over the years, such as serial correlation, also known as autocorrelation, where error terms in a time series data transfer from one-time period to another. This inquiry explores a few major and central foundations of autocorrelation terminologies. Furthermore, this study will enlighten the cause and remedies for the classical assumption named autocorrelation. This problematic term in time series data analysis arises because exogenous seems dissimilar dimensionally with Predict, but errors are not independently acting. It violates the assumption of linear regression where model indicators or one of the explanatory variables is the lagged value of the dependent with the same quantified amount of errors from a one-time period shifted in pattern to the subsequent. Correspondingly omitted variables or essential exogenous are absent or deleted cause their effect on the dependent variable becomes part of the error term. Hence, this paper has employed suitable heteroscedasticity-consistent (HC) and heteroscedasticity, cross correlogram, and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) estimators. In this inquiry, Eviews for statistical computation is utilized and show how variables' suggested functioning and behaviour. This study employed five economic indicators to show the autocorrelation cause and its remedial measure (2003 to 2020).

The Impact of antecedents of trustworthiness on the Usage of Mobile-Banking Apps: An empirical study on Pakistani Consumers using PLS-SEM

2022-06-28

This study aims to investigate the association between trustworthiness and the adoption of mobile banking (M-banking) apps in Pakistan. The convenient sampling method was used to distribute a structured questionnaire. Total 750 questionnaires were distributed and only 660 responses deemed to be appropriate for the confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling by using SMART PLS. The analytical findings show that the adoption of mobile banking apps is positively impacted by each of the three components of trustworthiness (ability, benevolence, and integrity). Banks are conscious about the value of consumer convenience yet struggling to earn customers trustworthiness. This study demonstrates how the high degree of trust among M-banking app users may benefit greater app usage.

Factors Affecting Mobile App-based Shopping in Pakistan: An Implication of UTAUT2 Model with Deal Proneness

Ijaz Butt, Rahila Hanif, Naveed ul Hassan, Imran Khan, Muhammad Toseef Aslam — 2022-06-28

Mobile shopping-apps (MS apps) are opening new horizons in mobile commerce. Wireless networks and the establishment of 3G and 4G mobile networks play a vital role in mobile shopping apps growth and development. MS apps provide convenience and flexibility to the customers, as customers do not need to be connected to fixed local area networks. Due to rapid growth in mobile apps adoption for shopping, it is also considered an emerging research area. The current study used the technology acceptance model "Unified Theory of Acceptance and the Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) model" to explore the factors which are considered essential to predict the BI and the UB regarding the use of app-based shopping with an additional factor of deal proneness. PLS-SEM is used to explain the adoption process on variables such as; PE, FC, EE, PV, SI, HB, and DP. The study results revealed that PE, FC, EE, and HI positively and significantly predict the consumer's BI.Furthermore, FC and HB proved to have a mediating relationship between BI and UB, whereas the HB direct effect is insignificant. The behavioural intention of consumers positively predicts UB. The study further revealed that DP has a significant direct and positive relationship with mobile shopping apps UB. The study is useful for the policymakers and mobile shopping app providers to devise the policies by considering the prominent factors which help increase their sales and attract potential consumers.

Impact of Resource Rents and Institutional Quality on Economic Growth: An Approach of Panel Threshold Analysis

2022-06-28

This study has determined the asymmetric threshold impact of IQ on the link between resource rent and economic progress in seven Asian nations. For this purpose, this study took the data from 1996 to 2018. In accordance with the multiple effects of threshold IQ regression results, capital formation and exchange rate with institutional quality are ineffective for the economic growth of concerned Asian economies. However, the multiple effects of debt with institutional quality have enhanced the economic growth, while trade term has reduced the growth level of selected economies. Moreover, the findings of the threshold effect of resource rents are presented in which institutional quality regulates the resource rents. According to the outcomes, RERit-1 (INQit-1 ≤ -1.401) shows an inconsequential influence of resource rents on economic growth during the institutional quality regulations. However, RERit-1 (-1.401 < INQit-1 ≤ -1.310) and RERit-1 (INQit-1 > -1.310) have boosted the economic growth of Asian economies at medium-good level IQ.

Social Interaction Impact on Student Academic Performance: An Online Survey Estimation

Hina Ali, Tahira Bano Qasim, Sumera Mehboob, Iqra Abbas — 2022-06-29

The primal purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of social interaction on student academic performance. This research examines the primary data method, an online survey has been conducted to gather the required data for statistical estimation. The selected population is from different educational sectors and Universities all over Pakistan. A standard questionnaire is developed for empirical data collection. The 79 samples are selected in this research and ask them various types of questions related to their social life and education. After collecting data we also use the OLS (Ordinary Least Square) method to find the overall results. Here, the researcher discovered that the relationship between social interaction and education is statistically significant and affirmative. Despite this, gender, relationship with friends and parents, satisfaction from relations and meeting behavior are also considered explanatory variables. Both variables examined here confirmed their statistical significance but the relationship with parents and improvement in learning strategies shows negative results. In this paper, the augmented dickey fuller test, descriptive statistics, correlation Matrix, and regression are examined. Based on our estimation, the researcher suggests that social interaction is a primal determinant of education performance.

Perception of Science Subject Studying Students towards English as a Medium of Instructions at Secondary Level; A Case Study

Fiza Nazish, Saima Baig , Rabia Fayyaz,Muhammad Rashid — 2022-03-30

English has become the global language due to the language of science and technology as well as its usage. Expansion of language needs and eradication of English language hurdles requires to adopt English language as the medium of instruction at the root level of education. Secondary classes are the base of the science subject in which the major fields of subjects are thoughts and learning separately. As the students have to enroll themselves in different other fields of science and technology there is a requirement to minimize their English language deficiencies while ensuring that they are given instructions in global language. Present study is conducted to note the perception of science subjects studying students towards English as a medium of instruction at secondary level in District Multan. The study is quantitative in its nature while the date is collected through a questionnaire. 150 science students are selected as the sample of the study through convenient sampling. Data is analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2016 and the significance of the statement is found through percentages and mean values. The results describe that the science subject studying students have great and positive intentions towards English as a medium of instruction. The study suggests that English as a medium of instruction would be adopted to the future language hurdles could be minimized. Despite the language issues, the students could be confident in this regard, that, educational level is of the global level or touching to the global standards of education, with respect to the medium of instruction.

THE EFFECT OF ONLINE SHOPPING EXPERIENCE AND CUSTOMER ‎INVOLVEMENTS ON ONLINE PURCHASE INTENTION

Mariam Shahid, Asadullah Lakho, Kehkashan Nizam, Faizan Ul Haq, Aqib Uddin — 2022-06-29

This study primarily explores the purpose of the effect of online shopping experience & ‎customer involvements on online purchase intention. The study based on a quantitative research ‎approach in this survey data 177is being collected from manufacturing sector out of which 155 ‎are remaining useable. This data set is analyzed through PLS-SEM (Partial least ‎square structural equation modeling software. The results shows that hypothesis affective ‎involvement cognitive involvement have shown positive relationship with Online Shopping ‎Intention also online shopping experience shows positive relationship on cognitive and affective ‎involvement.

The Inflation, Exchange Rate and Stock Market returns Nexus: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

Sabira Dilawer, Fozia Aziz, Afifa Sadar-Ud-Din — 2022-06-28

The present study looks into the casual short and long-run associations between stock traded use as a proxy of stock market returns of Pakistan and macroeconomics indicators namely exchange rate, consumer price index used as a proxy of inflation, gross domestic products, unemployment, gross national expenditure, and interest rate by using time series analysis from (1960 to 2020). To highlight the stationarity of the data use Augmented Dickey Fuller Unit Root test, inflation and interest rate becomes stationer at level and other macroeconomics variables stationer at first difference. With the mixture of level and the first difference has been applying Auto-Regressive Distributed lag model and co-integration technique. For diagnostic used Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey and serial correlation LM test and Ganger causality test. Outcomes express the long time period affiliation betwixt stock market returns of Pakistan and macroeconomics variables including exchange rate, interest rate, and unemployment they are significant and negatively affect the stock market returns in long duration. By applying Granger causality test conclude no causal relationship exist among all variables. There Consumer price index and gross national expenditure negatively associated but its results are insignificant. Only GDP positively related to stock market returns in the long period. The findings of the research favorable for policy makers who interested in the long run relationship among the exchange rate, inflation, GDP, interest rate and unemployment and stock market returns.

An Investigation into Eco-linguistics Representation in Pakistani High School English Textbooks

Iqra Majeed, Irfan Abbas , Uzma Naeem — 2022-06-29

This study employs the Stibbe's framework to assess the English textbooks for grades 9th and 10th from an ecolinguistic perspective. This framework is composed of different categories, but only three were chosen for this study. These categories are erasure, metaphor, and Adjectives. Corpus and qualitative research designs are applied to evaluate erasure, Adjectives, and metaphors. The corpus creation process is divided into two steps. Initially, these books in PDF format were obtained from the freebooks.pk website. Second, all of the pdf files were manually converted to TXT forms so that they could be searched and edited, and they could be used for general research. Throughout the process, AntConc software is used. The findings demonstrate the extensive use of ecolinguistics-related adjectives in English textbooks for grades 9th and 10th. A total of eighty adjectives are found. Metaphors are twenty-nine and their frequency is 9.666% and passive voices are eleven (3.666%). Evaluation is the most utilized story, with a frequency of 26.666 percent. This study suggested that schools should employ systematic measures to equip students with the knowledge and abilities they need to comprehend the environment through evaluation, erasure, and metaphors in primary and secondary education.

ESL Learners’ Preferences for Written Corrective Feedback in Pakistani Context

Muhammad Shahbaz, Ayesha Hameed Kasana, Shahzad Ul Hassan Farooqi — 2022-06-29

The present study is conducted in Pakistani ESL context to explore the preferences of ESL learners for the types of WCF and teachers' practices of WCF. Further, the researcher tries to investigate alignment of learners' preferences and teachers' practices of WCF. The researcher used mixed method approach including WCF questionnaire of learners for quantitative data and teachers' semi structured interviews for qualitative data. The participants were 200 learners of BS second semester from four social sciences departments of GCWUS and five ESL teachers from the same institute. The WCF questionnaire consisted of six categories in three pairs (focused/unfocused, direct/indirect, feedback on content and feedback on form) and it was analyzed by comparing the means of each category with the other by using SPSS version 26. The qualitative data was analyzed by using thematic analysis. The findings of the study elucidated that learners preferred focused, direct feedback and feedback on form from the three pairs of WCF categories. The independent t-test was used to highlight the significant differences in the preferences of learners based on age, medium of instruction and family status. The results indicated no significant differences based on age, medium and family status. One-way ANOVA was also used to explore the significant differences based on departments, grades in previous English exams and favorite subject throughout study career. The results indicated significant differences in the learners' preferences of WCF based on their departments, grades and favorite subject. The interview analysis indicated that teachers preferred unfocused, direct feedback and feedback on form. There was mismatch between the learners' preferences and teachers' practices on focused and unfocused feedback as three teachers valued unfocused feedback while learners preferred focused feedback. While in other two categories of WCF (direct feedback and feedback on form), there was alignment between learners' preferences and teachers' practices. The study implied that there is need to shift classroom into learner centered in which they can freely discuss their preferences for WCF. There should be workshops for training of teachers for WCF. The institutes should make policies under which teachers can freely practice the WCF by keeping in mind the needs and requirements of their students

Effectiveness of Lesson Study Approach towards Science Learning in Pakistani Elementary School

Shoaiba Mansoor, Muhammad Samiullah, Muhammad Iqbal — 2022-06-28

Lesson study is a kind of teacher training program extensively used for professional development of both pre-service and in-service teachers. Current study intended to explore the effect of lesson study approach on science learning by conducting a Quasi-Experimental research that followed a Non-equivalent pretest posttest control group design. As academic attainment of students is considered the basic parameter to evaluate the classroom learning, so effectiveness of lesson study approach was measured in association with the student’s achievement at elementary level. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of lesson study approach on the academic success of elementary science students. Six elementary science teachers of a public school were engaged and oriented to lesson study. Teachers were guided how to teach general science using lesson study approach. This research involved two sections of grade 7 students as sample, one as control group (taught by conventional method) and other as experimental group (taught following lesson study approach). The treatment of lesson study teaching was given for 08 weeks covering 03 lessons in a week. The success of the Lesson Study was determined by comparing performance of both groups on pre and post-test. Quantitative data consisting of achievement test scores were analyzed using SPSS Software. The result indicated that in posttest, performance of experimental group (36.90) turned better than control group (14.03) on achievement test. Hence, it is substantiated that lesson study approach has a noteworthy effect on science learning at elementary level. It is also revealed that science teaching through lesson study increases comprehension and application skills of elementary students significantly. The study recommends endorsement of lesson study approach in teaching of science by inculcating it in teacher training curriculum

Analysis of Parental Involvement in the Context of Learning Behaviour of Students: Evidence from Pedagogic Literature

Nuzhat Naz, Mahnaz Aslam, Salika Marghoob, Kiran Ehsan, — 2022-06-29

There has been a great concern over the issue of parental participation and parental involvement pertaining to the academic achievement and learning behaviour. Parental involvement has always been a crucial aspect of children’s education around the globe. Pakistan’s scholastic experiences also emphasize on the learning behaviour of young children. Reviews of literature is abundant on the topic of parental involvement. From publications in the last three decades, it is evident that parental participation and involvement are integral components of school and college education. Reviews differentiate between parental participation and parental involvement in that parental involvement is an exhaustive approach in the decisions about a child’s life experiences including education, sports, critical decisions, shared choices and all other such actions that pertain to the minor child until the child becomes actively engaged in an independent life. On the other hand, parental participation is an act of taking part in the activities a child performs. This may not necessarily be independent as in the case of parental involvement. Major differences in the eastern and western cultures with regards to a child’s learning behaviour stems from the fact that the western cultures gives children a wider range of career choices to adopt while the eastern culture is heavily dependent of parents for the educational experiences of children. This paper is in the context of parental involvement within the purview of review of literature on the subject. Major reviews are from the last three decades. The paper adopted the qualitative attitude towards the subject. The review confirms the benefits of parental involvement and parental participation.

Professional Development of English Teachers regarding Online Resources: An SR Approach

Muhammad Samiullah — 2022-07-30

The objective of this study was to analyze the needs of school personnel in terms of their professional development related with online resources in the province of Punjab at secondary level. An SR approach (Systematic Review) had been done rigorously. A pool of 300 research articles were selected purposively. Further selection had been done on the basis of criterion that the already available researches should be in English as there were some relevant papers which were in languages other than English which were not understandable to the researchers. A systematic criterion was set on the basis of which the research papers had been using keywords like Smart Classroom Online Resources which includes multimedia, videos in English and Urdu Languages, Resource, and games in visual style of learning. Instrument used for collection of data was an online resource itself. The results of SR showed that there is a dire need to develop the school personnel in terms their professional development related with online resources which are going to be used in Pandemic situation throughout the province of Punjab. Some recommendations were made for teachers and school administrators as well as managers for better teaching learning process via digital mode as well.

Effectiveness of Jazz Smart Classroom’s Online Quiz for Excellence in Academic Achievement:

Nosheen Anjum — 2022-07-30

The objective of this study was to find the effect of Jazz Smart Classroom’s Online Quiz on academic achievement at secondary level. A quasi-experimental design was used in which two groups were selected one is control group and other as experimental group. Experimental group was given a treatment of six weeks by using Jazz Smart Classroom’s Online Quiz. A sample of 30 students of class 10 was selected. Convenience sampling technique was used for the selection of sample Instrument used for collection of data was pre-test and post-test. Twenty lessons were delivered by using Jazz Smart Classroom’s Online Quiz. Same pre-test and post-test used. The test was validated by the experts of Allama Iqbal Open University. The reliability of test was determined by reliability analysis with SPSS. SPSS was used to draw the conclusions of results. The t-test was used for the comparison of data of control and experimental group. The results of experiment showed that the mean scores of students in post-test which were taught by using Jazz Smart Classroom’s Online Quiz scored significantly higher than those taught by using traditional method. Some recommendations were made for teachers and students to use online quiz for better teaching and learning. Government of Pakistan should take an initiative to raise the standards of education by introducing the use of Jazz Smart Classroom’s Online Quiz in the government high schools of Pakistan.

Self-Other Reported Practices of Instructional Leaders’ to Implement and Supervise Curriculum in Secondary Schools

Irfan Bashir — 2022-05-20

Principals as instructional leaders plays very important role in developing school learning environment and culture. They carry out the vision and mission of the school. They just do not only maintain school budgets but their prime responsibility is to observe teachers teaching, to check their lesson plans, gives feedback. They are also responsible to provide teachers good working environment. There may be certain differences between leaders’ self-reported practices and opinion of the teachers. The study tried to identify the common leadership practices to implement and supervise curriculum and differences of opinion about Practices of Instructional Leaders’ to Implement and Supervise Curriculum in Secondary schools. The study selected 30 principals and 63 teachers as sample using random sampling technique. Researches developed a closed ended questionnaire using literature review and work of Hallinger. The alpha reliability of the tool was .908 for leaders and .965 for teachers. Study showed certain differences among both stake holders, and suggested some future recommendation.